Mina Crandon: A Legacy of Deception in the Age of Spiritualism

Index to psychic science, Swarthmore, 1950.

Article by Jon Donnis

Mina Crandon, born Mina Stinson in Ontario, Canada, in 1888, became one of the most infamous figures in the history of spiritualism under the stage name "Margery." Despite her rise to prominence in the early 20th century as a psychic medium, her career was marred by accusations of fraud and deception. This article explores her life, the controversies surrounding her alleged supernatural abilities, and her enduring legacy as a figure of scepticism within the paranormal community.

Early Life and the Path to Spiritualism

Mina Crandon's early life remains relatively obscure, with little documented about her formative years. She married Dr. Le Roi Goddard Crandon, a wealthy and influential Boston surgeon, in 1918. It was through her husband's influence and connections that Mina first entered the world of spiritualism. Dr. Crandon's interest in the afterlife and psychic phenomena spurred Mina's involvement, eventually leading her to become a prominent medium.

By Stanley De Brath - The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. London Spiritualist Alliance Publications, 1930.

Rise to Fame as "Margery"

Mina Crandon, known in spiritualist circles as "Margery," gained notoriety during the 1920s, a time when spiritualism was enjoying significant popularity. She conducted seances in her Boston home, where she purported to communicate with the dead, most notably with her deceased brother, Walter Stinson. Her seances attracted numerous notable figures, including scientists, journalists, and spiritualists, eager to witness her alleged powers.

Margery claimed to possess the ability to channel spirits, produce physical manifestations such as levitating objects, and even engage in automatic writing. Her fame reached such heights that she became a candidate for the Scientific American's $2,500 prize, offered to anyone who could demonstrate genuine supernatural abilities under scientific scrutiny.

The Teleplasmic Hand

Among the various phenomena Margery claimed to manifest, the appearance of a "teleplasmic hand" was one of the most sensational. During her seances, Margery purported that this ectoplasmic hand, believed to be an extension of spiritual energy, could materialise and interact with the physical environment. The hand was said to perform various actions, such as moving objects, ringing bells, and leaving imprints in soft substances like wax.

The "teleplasmic hand" was later exposed when biologists examined the hand and found it to be made of a piece of carved animal liver.

These manifestations were allegedly facilitated by Margery's spirit guide, her deceased brother Walter. The teleplasmic hand often appeared in dimly lit conditions, making detailed observation challenging and thereby adding to the aura of mystique. The phenomenon became a focal point of Margery's demonstrations and a key piece of evidence she offered to support her claims of genuine mediumship.

Despite various precautions in tests, Margery still attempted to produce the teleplasmic hand. During one session, an observer discovered that a supposed "teleplasmic hand" was, in fact, Margery's foot, which she had cleverly concealed and used to touch objects and produce noises.

Further investigations revealed that the hand prints supposedly made by the teleplasmic hand were highly suspect. They appeared to have been made by pressing a real hand into a soft substance, like paraffin wax, rather than a supernatural entity manifesting ectoplasm.

By Stanley De Brath - The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. London Spiritualist Alliance Publications, 1930.

Exposure and Accusations of Fraud

Despite her widespread acclaim, Margery's career was dogged by accusations of fraud. Notably, the investigations into her abilities were led by Harry Houdini, the renowned magician and escape artist who was also a noted sceptic of spiritualism. Houdini was a member of the Scientific American committee and approached the task with a meticulous and skeptical mindset.

One of the key instances where Margery was caught cheating occurred during a seance in which she claimed to produce physical manifestations. Houdini devised a series of tests and controls to prevent any potential trickery. He notably constructed a special cabinet with holes for Margery's arms, designed to limit her movements and prevent her from using them to manipulate objects.

By Malcolm Bird - "Margery" the Medium, Small, Maynard & Company, 1925.

During these controlled conditions, Margery's supposed abilities failed to manifest convincingly. Houdini further uncovered evidence of fraud, such as discovering that Margery had hidden a collapsible ruler in her chair, which she used to manipulate objects outside the cabinet. Additionally, Walter Stinson's voice, supposedly coming from beyond the grave, was found to be mimicked by Margery herself. Houdini described the voice as a poorly disguised falsetto, lacking any true supernatural quality.

Other incidents further eroded her credibility. For instance, during a seance where Margery claimed to produce ectoplasm, a gelatinous substance said to emanate from mediums during contact with spirits, skeptics discovered that the substance was made from chewed paper or cloth. These revelations, coupled with her inability to perform under controlled conditions, significantly damaged her reputation.

Legacy and Impact

Mina Crandon's life as Margery ended in controversy and disgrace. She passed away in 1941, leaving behind a complex legacy. While her supporters maintained belief in her abilities, her exposure as a fraud has largely defined her place in history. Margery's case remains one of the most infamous examples of fraudulent mediumship, serving as a cautionary tale within the field of parapsychology and the study of psychic phenomena.

The sceptical investigations into Margery's seances, especially those led by Harry Houdini, have had a lasting impact. They highlighted the importance of rigorous scientific investigation and scepticism in assessing claims of the paranormal. Margery's exposure contributed to a broader sceptical movement that sought to debunk spiritualist frauds and protect the public from deception.

Mina Crandon's career as Margery serves as a stark reminder of the susceptibility of individuals to deception, especially when faced with the allure of the supernatural. Her story underscores the need for critical thinking and scepticism in the exploration of the unknown, ensuring that claims of extraordinary abilities are met with the scrutiny they deserve.

The Fox Sisters: The Birth of Spiritualism and the Quest for Truth

By Jon Donnis

The Fox sisters, Margaret and Kate Fox, are often credited with sparking the spiritualism movement in the mid-19th century. Their purported ability to communicate with the dead through mysterious "rappings" and "knockings" captivated a wide audience and drew followers, including notable figures such as William Crookes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. However, a thorough examination reveals that their supposed supernatural abilities were, in fact, elaborate deceptions.

Born in the early 1830s in Hydesville, New York, the Fox sisters, Margaret (1833) and Kate (1837), grew up in a modest farmhouse. It was there that the first reports of supernatural phenomena emerged. They claimed that, in March 1848, they began hearing strange rapping noises in their home, which they attributed to the spirit of a deceased peddler who had been murdered there. The sisters asserted that they could communicate with this spirit and others through these raps.

Their claims quickly captured public attention. With their older sister Leah's assistance, Margaret and Kate began hosting public séances where they demonstrated their supposed abilities. These demonstrations resonated with a society eager for spiritual answers, particularly in the wake of the Civil War and the existential questions it raised.

The popularity of their séances soared. Prominent figures, including journalists, spiritualists, and even skeptics, visited them. Early followers included P.T. Barnum, who initially believed in their abilities and sought to promote them. The sisters also attracted attention from renowned scientists and spiritualists, such as William Crookes, who conducted experiments with them, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who remained a staunch defender of spiritualism.

Despite the acclaim, skepticism about the Fox sisters' claims persisted. In 1888, the sisters themselves confessed that their initial manifestations of spirit communication were faked. Margaret Fox revealed that they had used a series of tricks to produce the rapping sounds. She demonstrated how they had cracked their toes and fingers to create the noises that had been mistaken for supernatural communication.

Further investigation into their practices uncovered additional deceptive techniques. The sisters were found to have manipulated their bodies to produce the knocking sounds, including the use of hidden wires and other mechanical devices. Their public confession was met with a mix of disbelief and outrage, revealing the extent of the deception they had perpetrated.

The later lives of the Fox sisters were marked by personal and professional difficulties. After their confession, they faced public disapproval and the personal consequences of their actions. Margaret, who initially denounced spiritualism, later attempted to revive it but met with limited success. She struggled financially and faced health problems, which she attributed to her earlier spiritual practices.

Kate Fox's life was similarly troubled. She became involved in various controversies and struggled with alcoholism. Despite her attempts to distance herself from the spiritualist movement, she could not escape the shadow of her earlier claims.

Margaret Fox passed away in 1893 at the age of 60, while Kate Fox died in 1892 at the age of 55. Their deaths were overshadowed by the controversies of their lives and the ongoing debates about spiritualism. Despite their later admissions of fraud, the spiritualist movement they helped popularise continued to influence various aspects of society long after their deaths.

The story of the Fox sisters serves as a cautionary tale about the power of belief and the susceptibility of the human mind to deception. Their ability to manipulate and deceive a public eager for answers underscores the importance of skepticism and critical thinking when evaluating extraordinary claims. Their legacy reflects both the profound human desire to connect with the beyond and the critical need for a rigorous approach to evaluating such claims.

NEWS: Mastermind of Elaborate Psychic Fraud Scheme Sentenced to Over a Decade in Prison

Images: U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia

By Jon Donnis

Gina Rita Russell, 35, originally from New York City and Los Angeles, has been sentenced to 125 months in prison for orchestrating a complex fraud, extortion, and money laundering operation. This scheme resulted in a Maryland man embezzling more than $4 million from his employer in Washington, D.C. Russell is the sixth and final defendant to be sentenced in this case.

The sentencing was announced by U.S. Attorney Matthew M. Graves and FBI Special Agent in Charge David J. Scott of the Washington Field Office Criminal and Cyber Division.

In April 2018, a federal grand jury indicted Russell along with her ex-common-law husband Robert Evans, his brothers Tony John Evans and Corry Blue Evans, and their parents, Archie Kaslov and Candy Evans, all hailing from New York. These indictments were related to various charges linked to the elaborate scheme. Alarmingly, one of Russell's accomplices even threatened to harm the Maryland man's young children during the course of the extortion.

The evidence presented by the government revealed that Russell met a woman in Manhattan in October 2009 and conducted a fake psychic reading for her. Despite having no psychic abilities, Russell convinced the woman otherwise and told her that dire consequences would follow unless large sums of money were raised for Russell and her family. Initially, the woman provided funds from her legitimate employment, but Russell later persuaded her to lie to her father, claiming she needed money for therapy, sleep studies, and university fees. After giving his daughter substantial financial support, the father eventually ceased his assistance.

Russell then convinced the woman to engage in sex work to earn more money. The woman advertised sensual massage services online, including on Backpage.com. Through one of these ads, she met a Maryland man who fell in love with her and proposed, despite being married with children. Exploiting his affection, Russell and the woman, along with Robert Evans, Tony John Evans, Corry Blue Evans, and Archie Kaslov, extorted money and gold bars from him. The woman claimed she owed money to dangerous individuals and that her life was in jeopardy. Consequently, the Maryland man embezzled more than $4 million from his employer between January and March 2017. As part of the plot, Tony John Evans impersonated a mobster during phone calls with the Maryland man, even threatening his children. Russell also dictated threatening texts and provided the woman with instructions on what to tell the man.

Believing the embezzled funds were being delivered to mobsters, the Maryland man converted the money into cash and gold bars, which he then delivered to drop-off locations in New York, including hotel rooms. However, the funds were actually going to members of the Russell-Evans-Kaslov family.

In July 2019, Russell pleaded guilty to interference with interstate commerce by extortion. Although her sentencing was initially scheduled for May 2024, the government discovered that Russell had engaged in similar criminal activities in Los Angeles. She convinced another woman of her psychic abilities, defrauded the woman's father, and persuaded her to raise money through sex work. Upon learning this, U.S. District Judge Tanya S. Chutkan issued a warrant for Russell's arrest. She was detained on 19 March 2024 and has remained in custody since then.

In addition to her prison sentence of 10 years and five months, Judge Chutkan ordered Russell to pay $4,217,542.86 in restitution and to serve three years of supervised release.

Tony John Evans, 35, and Robert Evans, 37, both pleaded guilty to interference with interstate commerce by extortion and were sentenced to five years in prison each. Corry Blue Evans, 31, pleaded guilty to bank fraud and received a 41-month prison sentence. Archie Kaslov, 57, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. Candy Evans, 55, pleaded guilty to tampering with a witness by corrupt persuasion or misleading conduct and was sentenced to one year and one day in prison.

The case was thoroughly investigated by the FBI's Washington Field Office and prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Kondi Kleinman, former Assistant U.S. Attorney David B. Kent, and a team of supporting attorneys and paralegal specialists.

What should you do to avoid Psychic and Clairvoyant Scams

By Jon Donnis

Bromley Trading Standards has issued a crucial warning to residents, urging them to remain vigilant against scammers posing as psychics or clairvoyants. This alert follows a recent incident where a local resident was deceived into sending several cheques totaling over £100 in response to a fraudulent letter promising good fortune. Fortunately, the money was successfully recovered.

The following advice is not just for people of Bromley though, this advice should go to everyone in the UK so read carefully.

According to the Action Fraud website, psychic and clairvoyant scams typically involve fraudsters claiming to foresee either wonderful or terrible events in the victim's future. They then demand payment to provide a full report or to offer charms that purportedly ensure good luck or ward off bad luck. These charms, however, are worthless, and victims are often asked to keep the interaction confidential, which further isolates them and prevents timely intervention.

These scammers can make contact through various channels, including phone calls, emails, or letters. Regular payments may be solicited, and responding to such requests can result not only in financial loss but also in personal details being shared with other scammers, increasing the risk of further targeting.

Protect Yourself from Scams

Residents are advised to adopt the following protective measures:

Do Not Respond: If you receive unsolicited communications from individuals claiming to be psychics or clairvoyants, do not respond. Refrain from sending money or sharing personal or financial details.

Report Phishing Attempts: Forward any suspicious emails to report@phishing.gov.uk and then delete them.

Seek Advice: If uncertain about the legitimacy of a communication, consult a trusted family member, friend, or advisor.

Report Scams: Contact your bank immediately if you've shared financial information. Use the dedicated Stop Scams UK hotline by dialing 159.

Get Help: Reach out to Citizens Advice at 0808 223 1133 or visit their website for assistance. - citizensadvice.org.uk

File a Report: If you have been scammed or have lost money, report the incident to Action Fraud at 0300 123 2040 or via their website. - actionfraud.police.uk

Stay Informed: The Metropolitan Police website offers resources, including guidebooks and videos, to help prevent fraud and cybercrime. 

  

Stay Updated and Find Reliable Traders

Residents can stay informed about the latest scam alerts and warnings by signing up for updates from Bromley Trading Standards. The service also maintains a fair-trader directory, ensuring residents can find trustworthy and reliable traders. For more details, visit bromley.gov.uk/tradingstandardschecked

And perhaps the most important advice you will ever received, NEVER GIVE A PENNY TO A PSYCHIC. They are ALL frauds, no exceptions.

The Rise and Fall of Miss Cleo

By Jon Donnis

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the name Miss Cleo became synonymous with psychic readings and late-night infomercials. Known for her thick Jamaican accent, colourful attire, and the catchphrase "Call me now!", Miss Cleo was the face of the Psychic Readers Network (PRN), a widely recognized yet controversial psychic hotline service. However, behind the vibrant persona lay a tale of deception, legal battles, and the ultimate fall from grace. This article delves into the rise and fall of Miss Cleo, exploring the dynamics of her fame, the intricacies of the fraud allegations, and the aftermath of her downfall.

The Rise of Miss Cleo

Early Life and Beginnings

Born Youree Dell Harris on August 12, 1962, in Los Angeles, California, Miss Cleo's early life bore no signs of the persona she would later adopt. Before becoming the infamous psychic, Harris pursued a career in theater, working as a playwright and actress. Under the pseudonym Ree Perris, she was involved with the Langston Hughes Cultural Arts Center in Seattle, where she authored plays and performed.

Transformation into Miss Cleo

The transformation from Youree Dell Harris to Miss Cleo began in the late 1990s when she joined the Psychic Readers Network. The network, which operated a pay-per-call service, featured psychics who provided advice and predictions over the phone. Harris adopted the character of Miss Cleo, claiming to be a shaman from Jamaica with mystical powers and a direct connection to the spiritual world. Her engaging persona, complete with a convincing accent and a commanding presence, quickly made her the star of PRN's advertisements.

National Fame

Miss Cleo's commercials became a staple of late-night television, drawing millions of viewers with their promise of insightful readings and life-changing advice. Her catchphrases, particularly "Call me now!", became part of popular culture. The combination of her vibrant personality and the public's fascination with the supernatural propelled Miss Cleo to national fame. She was not just a psychic; she became a cultural icon, recognized and imitated across various media.

The Fall of Miss Cleo

Controversy and Legal Troubles

As Miss Cleo's fame grew, so did scrutiny of her and the Psychic Readers Network's practices. In 2002, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a complaint against PRN, accusing the network of deceptive advertising, billing, and collection practices. The FTC alleged that PRN had misled customers by promising free readings that were, in fact, charged at exorbitant rates. Many customers reported unauthorized charges on their credit cards and difficulty in canceling services.

Unveiling the Deception

The legal battles revealed that Miss Cleo was not Jamaican and had no special psychic abilities. Her background as Youree Dell Harris from Los Angeles came to light, and her entire persona was exposed as a fabrication. The FTC's investigation concluded that the Psychic Readers Network had defrauded customers out of millions of dollars. In 2002, PRN agreed to a settlement, which included forgiving $500 million in customer charges and paying a $5 million fine to the FTC.

Media Backlash and Public Perception

The revelation of Miss Cleo's true identity and the fraudulent activities of PRN led to a significant media backlash. Satirical shows and comedians capitalized on the scandal, further tarnishing her image. The public, once captivated by her charisma, turned against her, seeing her as a symbol of exploitation and deceit.

Aftermath and Legacy

Life After the Scandal

Following the downfall of her Miss Cleo persona, Youree Dell Harris largely retreated from the public eye. She made occasional media appearances, including participating in documentaries and interviews where she discussed her side of the story. Despite the scandal, Harris maintained that she genuinely believed in her psychic abilities and that she had helped many people.

Cultural Impact

Despite the controversy, Miss Cleo's impact on popular culture is undeniable. Her character has been referenced in numerous TV shows, movies, and parodies, cementing her place in the pantheon of late-90s and early-2000s pop culture. The phrase "Call me now!" remains a recognizable catchphrase, often used humorously to evoke the era of TV psychics.

Death and Reflection

Youree Dell Harris passed away on July 26, 2016, from colon cancer. In the wake of her death, reflections on her life and career were mixed. Some viewed her as a charlatan who exploited vulnerable people, while others saw her as a talented performer caught up in a larger fraudulent enterprise. Regardless of one's perspective, the story of Miss Cleo serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of deception and the consequences of mixing entertainment with exploitation.

Conclusion

The rise and fall of Miss Cleo is a complex narrative that intertwines elements of performance, deception, and media influence. From her meteoric rise as a beloved TV psychic to her dramatic fall amid allegations of fraud, Miss Cleo's story is a compelling example of how quickly public perception can shift. Her legacy, marked by both notoriety and nostalgia, continues to be a topic of fascination and caution in the realm of pop culture and beyond.

Sources:

https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2002/11/miss-cleo-promoters-forgive-approximately-500-million-outstanding-consumer-charges-pay-additional-5-million-settle-ftc-charges

https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2002/02/ftc-charges-miss-cleo-promoters-deceptive-advertising-billing-collection-practices